During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, the Qidan and Jurchen emperors held safari activities in spring and autumn every year. In the spring, when the ice and snow melted and the earth warmed up, they went to the swamp to hunt swans or geese. In the autumn, before the snow and ice closed, they went deep into the mountains. Deer, bear or tiger, etc., the Khitan language is called "Spring Festival" and "Autumn Festival". After the Jurchens were destroyed, they were renamed "Spring Water" and "Akiyama". Therefore, it is reflected in the unique hunting activities of this grassland nation. The jade articles of the subject matter are called "Chun Shui Jade" and "Akiyama Jade" respectively.
"Spring Shuiyu" shows the scene of catching swans or geese with 鹘 (Haidongqing), while "Akiyama Jade" symbolizes hunting activities between mountains and forests with deer, tiger, bear, eucalyptus and mountain stones. Archaeological excavations have not yet discovered the "Spring Water" and "Akiyama" jade objects of the Liao Dynasty, the "Spring Water Jade" unearthed from the Tomb of Jin Taizu in Beijing, and the "Autumn Mountain Jade" unearthed from the Orimim Tombs in Weibin County, Heilongjiang Province. Yu Pei) provides reliable physical evidence for the production, use and popularity of the Jin Dynasty “Spring Water Jade†and “Akiyama Jadeâ€. Judging from the unearthed materials, the “Spring Water Jade†and “Akiyama Jade†of the Jin Dynasty highlighted the theme of the theme, and the pattern was simple and simple. For example, “Spring Water Jade†directly carved the scene of the goose head and the goose brain. According to this feature, archaeologists directly captured the "Spring Water Jade" strip of the goose head from the tomb of the Emperor Liangzhuang's tomb in the Ming Dynasty, and made it a remnant of the Jin Dynasty.
The “Spring Water Jade†and “Akiyama Jade†in the Yuan Dynasty were more popular and spread from the northern grasslands to the south. In addition to the flat enamel carving strips, cymbals, and so on, there are also three-dimensional embossed sculptures such as hat tops, and the patterns and plots tend to be more complicated and diverse. The "Spring Water Jade" unearthed from the Tomb of Qianyu in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, with a multi-layered carving technique, shows a panicked swan hiding in the depths of the water grass, and the ferocious squatting is preparing to dive and chase. The most typical format for the "Spring Water Jade" pattern. Compared with the straightforward of the golden geese, the "Spring Water" pattern of the Yuan Dynasty has become more plot-like and uplifting because of the increased environmental background such as water plants.
The number of "Akiyama jade" in the Yuan Dynasty was far less than that of "Chun Shui Jade", and it was different from the strong temperament of "Spring Shuiyu". Although "Akiyama Jade" was the theme of the mountain forest tiger deer, it showed a peaceful and harmonious atmosphere. In order to highlight the autumn scene of the northern mountain forest, the "Autumn Mountain Jade" of the Yuan Dynasty used the red-brown leather shell of the jade material to sculpt the autumn leaves of the autumn forest and the fur of the tiger and deer.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, "Spring Water Jade" was still very popular, but the Ming Dynasty jade workers did not understand the exact meaning of "Spring Water" and "Akiyama". Therefore, "Spring Water Jade" has no main character in hunting, and gradually evolved into a geese wearing water grass and reeds. The subject matter was passed down to the Qing Dynasty. As for the "Akiyama Jade", in the Ming Dynasty, only the pine deer on the jade belt was left behind.
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